Note- When the subject is not expressed, as being indefinite ( one, anybody), a predicate noun or adjective is regularly in the accusative (cf. It is not necessary for all to speak standing. Nōn est omnibus stantibus necesse dīcere. Why is it not allowed these men to be free? (It was allowed to Themistocles to be inactive) A predicate noun or adjective is commonly in the accusative but with licet regularly, and with other verbs occasionally, the dative is used.Įxpedit bonās esse vōbīs (Ter. Note- Libet, placet, and vīsum est take the dative only oportet, pudet, piget, and generally decet, the accusative only licet and necesse est take either case.Ī. They form plans for which they must at once be sorry. It is particularly unbecoming for an orator to lose his temper.Ĭōnsilia ineunt quōrum eōsin vestīgiō paenitēre necesse est. If it is allowed a man to live against the will of Sextus Nœvius. By an accusative expressed as the subject of the infinitive or the object of the impersonal.85)įor a man to die at the appointed time is desirable. What is so much in accordance with nature as for old men to die?Įxstinguī hominīsuō tempore optābile est (id. Quid est tam secundum nātūram quam senibus ēmorī? (id. It seemed good to me to write something about old age. Vīsum est mihi dē senectūte aliquid cōnscrībere. 84)įor it does not please me to lament my life. They ask that it be allowed them to do this. By a dative, depending on the verb or verbal phrase.With impersonal verbs and expressions that take the infinitive as an apparent subject, the personal subject of the action may be expressed: Note- This use is a development of the Complementary Infinitive ( § 456) but the infinitives approach the subject construction and may be conveniently regarded as the subjects of the impersonals.Ĥ55. What good does it do to talk boastfully unless you speak consistently? Quid attinet glōriōsē loquīnisi cōnstanter loquāre? (Fin. Such are libet, licet, oportet, decet, placet, vīsum est, pudet, piget, necesse est, opus est, etc. The infinitive is used as the apparent subject with many impersonal verbs and expressions. Notice that both virīs and fortibus are dative.īradley’s Arnold Latin Prose Composition, edited by J. Necesse est takes a dative of the person for whom something is necessary, and so when it has as its subject the infinitive of a copulative verb which is accompanied by a predicative noun or adjective, the case of that noun or adjective is also dative. Nōbīs dēlēre Carthāginem necesse est./ Dēleāmus Carthāginem necesse est. Tibi morī necesse erat./ Morerēre necesse erat. Tibi morī necesse est./ Moriāre necesse est. This construction is not as widely used as the one using the gerundive. However, when an intransitive verb is itself constructed with the dative, the person is indicated by the ablative with the preposition ab ( ā).Īnother way to express necessity is to use necesse est with the infinitive or a subjunctive clause as its subject. Notice that the person for whom something is necessary or on whom duty lies is normally in the dative. “You ought to take heed for your fellow citizens.” One way is the use of the gerundive, which implies both duty and necessity. There are two general ways to express necessity in Latin. Now I plan to show how Latin handles the idea of necessity. I have already explained ways to express possibility and permission in Latin. The ideas of possibility, permission, duty, necessity, are expressed in English by auxiliary verbs, “can,” “may,” “ought,” “should,” “must,” etc.
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